Enrollment System Free Essays

Unmistakably the world has taken such a large number of changes. Everything has changed due to the high innovation individuals procured now and these are the consequences of the investigations made by the expert. They have thought of machines that are simple and helpful for the clients. We will compose a custom exposition test on Enlistment System or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now One of these is the PC. In a quick evolving world, new rising innovation advancement has propelled itself into the data showcase. PC design develops so quick that that that product building likewise embraces to adapt to the change. School of whether private or open needs to explicit programming to computerize work to decrease the problem of examining those old bureau documented archives to discover only a solitary record. In this way, most foundations these days have perceived the significance of PC to adapt to the squeezing requests of the market. Schools of today are utilizing this innovation in their day by day exchanges. Computerized book checking framework, student’s data framework are must to guarantee precision and productively in each school exchange. This examination is led so as to improve the account of the enlistment of Lahug Christian School ( LCS ). The analysts picked this foundation as their respondent in light of the fact that the said school is presently utilizing a manual enlistment framework in handling student’s enlistment framework. Issues are experienced utilizing the manual framework. It is the primary motivation behind why the specialists propelled to propose an Automated Enrollment System of Lahug Christian School ( LCS ). It will give understudies and clients a quick, dependable and increasingly helpful method of getting data of the student’s records. It alsoâ helps the organization give data in a brief timeframe. Subsequently, the analysts expect to create and structure an Automated Enrollment System to their respondent which is the Lahug Christian School. The most effective method to refer to Enrollment System, Papers

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example for Free

Igor Stravinsky Essay Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was conceived on June seventeenth, 1882 in Oranienbaum, Russia. He was one of four to his clean guardians, Anna nã ©e Kholodovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky’s first exposer to music was from his dad, who was a bass artist at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. His dad helped him get familiar with the adoration for music. His first melodic training started at nine years old with piano exercises, contemplating music hypothesis, and endeavoring creation. By fifteen, he had aced Mendelssohn’s Piano Concerto in G Minor and completed a piano decrease of a string group of four by Glazunov. That equivalent year, Stravinsky opposed the Russian Orthodox Church and relinquished it. Despite the fact that he exceeded expectations in music, his folks despite everything needed him to turn into a legal advisor. In 1901, Stravinsky selects at the University of Saint Petersburg; anyway he never goes to a considerable lot of his classes during the four years of school. At the point when it came time to take last assessments in 1905, the school was shut for two months in view of Bloody Sunday. He afterward got a half course confirmation in April 1906. In 1902, Stravinsky started getting private exercises from Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, the main Russian writer around then. That exact same year Stravinsky’s father bites the dust from malignant growth. In 1905 Igor Stravinsky proposes to his first cousin Catherin Nossenko. Despite the fact that the Orthodox Church restricts marriage of first cousins, they got hitched on January 23rd, 1906. The equivalent of his marriage, Stravinsky’s makes first significant structure Symphony in E Flat. The next year they have their first kid Theodore and afterward the following year they have their second kid Ludmila. A similar year as Ludmila’s birth, Rimsky, Stravinsky’s father like figure, kicks the bucket. In 1909, Stravinsky’s sytheses, Scherzo fatastique and Feu d’artifice (Fireworks) where performed at a show in St. Petersburg. In that very crowd Serge Diaghilev, originator of the Ballets Russes, was amazingly intrigued. He was intrigued to the point that he picks Stravinsky to do arrangements and to create a full length artful dance, The Firebird. In 1910 Stravinsky ventures Paris for the chief of The Firebird. At this exhibition he meets Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and numerous other significant artists. Towards the finish of the expressive dance season, his family moves to Switzerland with him and, Catherine anticipating her third kid. In Lausanne, Switzerland in September 1910, Sviatoslav Soulima their third child was conceived. In 1911, Stravinsky finishes another fruitful expressive dance, Petrushka. After three years, Stravinsky forms the two section artful dance Le Sacre du Primtemps (The Rite of Spring). This artful dance denoted the happening to innovation in music and was met with awe and antagonistic vibe. The mob that followed was the most infamous occasion in music history. Directly after the exhibition, he created typhoid fever, which took a month and a half to recuperate from. Around a similar time, Catherina and Ludmila were found to have tuberculosis. After a year Ludmila did and in the wake of bringing forth their fourth kid Maria Milena, Catherina likewise passed on. A quarter of a year after that his mom kicked the bucket moreover. After every one of these passings throughout his life, Stravinsky likewise determined to have tuberculosis. He went through five months recuperating with his most current little girl Milena; she took six years to recoup. Stravinsky met Vera de Bosset in Paris in February 1921, his new spouse to be. When they initially met Vera was as yet hitched to the painter and stage creator Serge Sudeikin. They started an undertaking which drove Vera to leave her better half. During his last a long time in Paris, Stravinsky made proficient associations with individuals in the U.S.

Implication of planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ramifications of arranging - Essay Example sick Neighborhood Association, can bring the suit, for the case or activity that the choice by the City Council to rezone land that was recently zoned for single-family improvement on three-section of land parts is invalid since the are no conditions or changes in conditions in the encompassing zone justifying it. They should contend that the subject land was reasonable as had been recently possessed. They should attempt to persuade the court in their application that the rezoning by the City Council some way or another don't have any considerable bearing or relationship to wellbeing, general government assistance, general wellbeing, ethics or save and ensure social and social territories and spots. Also, the Willow Hill Neighborhood Association needs to persuade the court that the choice to rezone by the City Council seriously influence to an enormous degree after encompassing terrains, by belligerence and declaring that, the rezoning is in a path conflicting with the zoning in the neighboring grounds. It would be worth if The Willow Hill Neighborhood Association, likewise, contends that, the rezoning may bring about significant inconvenience to the neighboring grounds (Mandelker). As referenced before, The Willow Hill Neighborhood Association, should guarantee for the activity that the City Council acted subjectively in settling on the choice to rezone. It merits referencing that, activity or choice by the City Council, which ought to be considered as spot zoning, is a special activity that in some sense crushes the previously existing extensive arrangement. On the off chance that and when the Willow Hill Neighborhood Association win the suit against the City Council for rezoning one edge and over the road of the beforehand existing Ordinance that assigned the land for single-family advancement on three-section of land parcels, to a multifamily private turn of events, they are probably going to get an alleviation, for example, the court giving a judgment pronouncing the choice of the City Council as establishing a spot zoning this isn't in any capacity justified by any restrictive

Education In the Future

The future will have numerous new advances in training. Like the incomparable Benjamin Franklin composed thirteen ethics for fundamental living, there will be excellencies in training that will be important to give an equivalent chance to learn. Instructive ideals should be followed later on to better the information on the world. Essential politeness ought to be regular in an instructive situation. Resilience will be required with the goal that everybody will have an equivalent chance to pick up information. Nobody individual will learn more than others. Being stubborn of others can prompt issues, and contentions. No decisions of individuals ought to be founded on information. Each supposition is as important as another. Everybody will be dealt with equivalent, and all individuals will regard one another. Fairness will be a significant incentive later on. Instruction will take on a wide range of changes, which will make the learning procedure a convenient, sorted out piece of life. Movement will change the manner in which individuals learn. Fundamental aptitudes will advance extra time. Everything will be bit by bit instructed at a more youthful age. The learning procedure will be a significant part of life. Perception will be a significant key to regular daily existence, particularly training. By acquiring data by utilizing ears as opposed to words, everybody can hear what everybody needs to state. Exertion is vital to building up full compensating instruction. By attempting the hardest for everything, there can be incredible prizes. All individuals may arrive at maximum capacity, if there is a yearning to succeed. Everybody ought to be headed to learn and become more astute. By having full attention to subtleties and focusing on them, everything should fall into place. When all is said in done, instruction will make ready to the future, by changing the manner in which individuals think. By having altruism and utilizing exceptional abilities to benefit all, there ought to be no goal to hurt another through what isn't known. Dedication is a constructive characteristic that assists all with peopling achieve a more significant level of information. By contributing all contemplations others don't have, everybody can have a similar degree of comprehension. Parity is expected to help spread the learning procedure out, over an incredible time, and to forestall trying too hard too rapidly. By having control individuals will figure out how to regard authority. Figuring out how to control outrage and animosity towards each other will prompt solidarity. There is an absolute wealth of data that can be learned through the instruction procedure. There is no restriction or most extreme measure of information that can be picked up during a lifetime. Instructive excellencies will be required later on to better the information on the world. Learning will be a long lasting consistent procedure. It will be fulfilling and testing yet fun and agreeable. Kindness to others will be important to discover solidarity and harmony. The learning procedure will be in all aspects of day by day life. Instruction will improve the future a spot to live by making ready individuals think. Similarly as Benjamin Franklin†s excellencies were made to transform negative behavior patterns into great, instructive ethics will make learning a smoother part of life and will give a way to all kids to follow later on.

Effectiveness of Training and HRM-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Effectiveness of Training and HRM-Case Study of KFC. Answer: Preparing and Development: Preparing can be characterized as the precise improvement of the factor of information alongside aptitudes and mentalities that is being required by people for performing viably in a given assignment or employment (Shuck Rocco, 2014). Preparing can likewise be expressed as the demonstration of expanding the degree of expertise and information on representatives for playing out a specific activity inside the working environment. The term preparing shows the strategy of improving the components of abilities, capacities and aptitudes of the workers (Amir Amen, 2013). Preparing is the procedure that helps in updating the more seasoned gifts and enhancing the new ones. The essential goal of preparing is in ensuring the openness of wanted and talented workers to the association. Sorts of Training and Development programs for representatives: Different watch are being followed in different ventures and associations. Along these lines, according to Karatepe, (2013), the preparation and formative preparing need predominantly relies upon the need of the activity plot. There are a few sorts of projects that are being shared by different creators. There are different kinds of preparing like at work and off-the-work that can be additionally isolated into things like occupation turn, entry level position preparing, apprenticeship, contextual analysis technique, vestibule preparing and social demonstrating. Preparing Stages and Developmental Programs: Preparing should be led in the most methodical of requests for getting the anticipated advantages from it. The arrangement of preparing can connect with four phases like surveying of the requirements for preparing and creating projects, structuring and preparing of the equivalent, executing the preparation program and assessing it (Mengistu, 2016). Improvement Programs: The Development Programs for representatives are being structured in meeting the particular goals that places in the productivity level of both the association and the worker. There are different strides in the methodology of the improvement of the board. It expresses the record of checking on the targets of the association and observing the current wellsprings of the executives for the association (Jehanzeb, Hamid Rasheed, 2015). It additionally takes in the arranging and executing of the projects for advancement and exploring the effectiveness of such projects and assessing the effect of the members preparing on their work life quality. Outline: As per Meijerink, Bondarouk Lepak, (2016), the goals of preparing are in telling the students about the things expected out of them when the preparation closes. The targets of the preparation are of more noteworthy ramifications from the viewpoints of the partners which are the architects, learners and the evaluator. As indicated by Bardoel et al., (2014), the value of the preparation plan is conceivable just when the student can play out the hypothetical features learned in the program of preparing in legitimate workplace. As indicated by Woods, (2014), the things that have been featured are the factor of pretending, recreation, discovering that are PC based contribution exposure to a present and relevant information body alongside this present reality circumstances. According to Dhar, (2015), the preparation procedure and improvement is a relentless one. It is one of the roads in gaining more and new information and building up extra abilities and the techniques for working product ively. According to Sung Choi, (2014), the significant objective of preparing is offering, getting and improving the necessary aptitudes so as to help the associations accomplishing their objectives and making the upper hand through increasing the value of their noteworthy assets. As per Ford, (2014), preparing builds up an ability of an individual required for an undertaking. Preparing aid soundly and socially improving a worker, which is vital in helping the profitability level as well as the development of faculty in any association. According to Anitha, (2014), preparing and improvement in the current setting of business is more proper than preparing alone since the assets of people can apply their full planned just when the way toward learning ventures out in front of the every day ordinary daily practice. As per Lee Sozen, (2016), the unremitting changing situation of the worldwide business world makes preparing an adequate measure that is being utilized by the businesses for supplementing the information on the workers alongside their practices and abilities. As per Shuailing Zhi, (2015), organizations can no longer ensure that workers would be elevated to the top, it is critical that preparation and improvement would assist the representatives with arranging of their vocation and advancement of the aptitudes. A portion of the associations are of the anxiety that conveying the profession intending to representatives may cause them to feel that their occupations are in danger, however it very well may be encircled dynamically for imparting that the businesses are a lot of ready to put resources into helping the workers coming to their forthcoming. Preparing and Development at KFC: Preparing and improvement can be expressed as the existence blood of KFC. Preparing is frequently been seen as the vehicle in improving the business for the organization, it is a key open door for the organization the executives in helping the individuals of the groups for building up the life and administration aptitudes they require for building the vocation that is directly for them. This is the motivation behind why the KFC the executives contributes time and exertion for giving projects like the KFC Degree and other planned projects that make up the Yum! College (Giovengo, 2014). Preparing has consistently been that powerful measure for the matter of KFC in profiting their colleagues and the general society. Only one out of every odd individual perspectives the business of fast help café as their first vocation inclination; KFC has been endeavoring hard in changing that see through the arrangement of top of the line formative possibilities. In the year 2015, KFC almost advanced 1600 individuals and their desires has consistently been in surpassing the figure of the earlier year. KFC has been throughout the years supporting individuals who are happy to go along with them however have little capability and maybe not having the best of certainty. The organization bolsters them in each conceivable advance through authorize preparing where that individual beginnings seeing this only an occupation factor into genuine vocation alternative (ShuailingI Zhi, 2015). KFC invests a great deal of cash in its preparation program, meaning the way that they have confidence in the individuals that go along with them and the organization needs them to be in acceptable situation in future. Regardless of whether they are not with KFC, they should leave the organization with the ideal certainty and expertise required for endurance in the business. Research Aim: This examination would point towards understanding the adequacy of preparing on representatives at work environment and the manners in which preparing is being seen by the workers. This examination would likewise point towards understanding the vital methodologies taken up by the organizations in sorting out a fruitful preparing program. For this exploration, the scientist would manage KFC, the American drive-thru eatery chain having its reality all around. This association centers around preparing of its representatives at the most significant level as it manages client support. Research Question: This exploration would likewise be taking in certain examination inquiries for the specialist to proceed in view of the investigation keeping the things that should be researched. What are the compelling methodologies organizations ought to embrace in making a fruitful preparing program in KFC? What are the general issues that yields up in preparing and how the administration manages the equivalent? Research Methodology: There are commonly three types of procedures of research plans which are illustrative, exploratory and easygoing. This examination would consider a blended philosophy approach. Meetings would be the best type of uncovering important data that individuals may feel hesitant in bunch conversations. Meetings that are top to bottom would be directed with the KFC senor the executives and workers over various areas. Individual type of polls would be circulated that would encourage in disclosing the inquiries appropriately to respondents, reducing the amount of answer blunders. The readiness of the information would be occurring after social affair of the essential research. Research Analysis: The investigation would be finished considering both the essential and the optional information. The optional information has been managed in the writing audit area where different articles on the point matter of a few researchers have been recognized and checked. The essential examination would take in the meetings of the representatives and polls being appropriated to the equivalent for knowing their comprehension of preparing and the manners in which they manage the changes. Research Plan: The accompanying would be the examination plan that the analyst has thought of to continue with this specific research study, as appeared with the assistance of a gnat outline. Fig 1: Gnat Chart References: Amir, E., Amen, I. (2013). The Effect of Training on Employee Performance European.Journal of Business and Management,5(4). Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of worker commitment and their effect on representative performance.International diary of efficiency and execution the executives. Bardoel, E. A., Pettit, T. M., De Cieri, H., McMillan, L. (2014). Representative flexibility: a developing test for HRM.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(3), 279-297. Dhar, R. L. (2015). Administration quality and the preparation of representatives: The intervening job of hierarchical commitment.Tourism Management,46, 419-430. Passage, J. K. (2014).Improving preparing adequacy in work associations. Brain science Press. Giovengo, R. D. (2014).Training exchange, metacognition aptitudes, and execution results in blen

View of Pornography From Three Categories of the Feminist - 3300 Words

View of Pornography From the Three Categories of the Feminist (Essay Sample) Content: Feminist View of PornographyNameInstitutional AffiliationInstructorDate of submissionIn this paper we will assess the view of pornography from the three categories of the feminist, the three group are; anti-pornography, liberal, and pro sex feminist. The anti-pornography feminist theories argues that, pornography promote violence against women. According to Mackinnon (1989) pornography is a form of rape, an action of sexual politics and a way of enhancing gender inequality. She further state that pornographic materials present women as sexual objects that enjoy pain and experience pleasure in being raped. Pro sex feminist argue that censoring pornography is against the freedom of expression. Pro sex feminist claim that anti-pornography feminist advocate of censorship of expression by referring to it as pornography. Will censoring pornography undermine instead of promoting the right of women? To answer the question above, in this paper we will assess the use of pornogr aphy using feminist theories.Feminist view of pornography indicate the significant of sexuality to the feminism and also the prostitution. The view of the pornography has an issue that has threatened to them into two group, especially among feminists in western countries. Some even made public that they wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t share stage with pro pornography feminists. The height of the division was in the year 1980s, during the Feminist Sex Wars. The war pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism.There are three common feminist view on the pornography. The most common view particularly in academic is that pornography is a male culture that humiliate, defile and exploit women. A second view on the pornography, is the liberal position, that incorporate the freedom for expression and uses the right as a defense of pornography without strictly defending the pornography, but stating that everyone has the right to consume or produce words and images. A third feminist view of the pornography, publicly defend the pornography and have been labeled as the pro-sex feminist and who argue that porn is beneficial to benefits women. Several difference have been raised between the three positions.Anti-pornography feminists claim that the feminist with who disagree with their view are either brainwashed dupes of patriarchy or as advocators for pornographers. Jeffreys (1990) states that feminists who believe women like men choose whether to participate in porn or not are liars and should stop spreading those lies to the general public. Jeffreys (1990) claim that are forced to participate in making pornography that it is not on free will but they have no choice. Illegal immigrant regardless of being male or female are at risk of being forced participate in pornography work. Anti-pornography feminist states that their pro-sex counterpart are enjoying women subordination and dominance.The anti-pornography feminist also claim that, the liberal feminists are only silen t about the issue of porn due to intimidation. Intimidation comes from the current sex-workers and also the stakeholders in the porn industry. In a situation where anti-pornography feminist differ with pro-porn feminist to the extent of refusing to share stage, notably the Catharine MacKinnon. Instead of responding with a compiled argument, pro-porn feminist respond with anger. Pornography industry is where they get money to pay their bill, thus censuring the industry will render them jobless, with no means to pay bills.Page Mellish in her work Feminists Fighting Pornography states that all feminist issues are rooted in the pornography problems. (MacKinnon, ) refute the claim that some porn work incorporate words and images that are protected by the First Amendment. As per the MacKinnon as an act of sexual violence. Porn is viewed as both the main issue of the 21 century feminism and an inherent act of violence in fundamental feminist ideology, which Christina Hoff Sommers term as t he gender feminism. Gender feminism concentrate on the history of an uninterrupted oppression of female by their male counterpart that spans cultural barriers. To anti-pornography feminist, the only viable explanation is that male and female are separate species, which are fighting each other. Men interests are articulated through and maintained by a capitalistic structure termed as patriarchy. The cause of the antagonism is so deep that it lies in manly biology itself. (Brownmiller) traces the origin of rape back to the Neanderthal times when men started use their penises as weapons. From the time in memorial rape has been used to intimidate women by men and keep them in fear. Anti-porn feminist also reject the claim that sex in a natural force which act against women such as motherhood. According to the feminist, men construct women's sexuality through the words and images of society, which the French philosopher Foucault referred to as the texts of society. After the c onstruction of such women sexuality, men commercialize it and market it back in the form of porn. In other words, through pornography man describes woman sexually. Which in turn defines every aspect of women role in society. Anti-pornography feminist believe that, to end the oppression, patriarchy and its texts must be smashed. Liberal feminism is a similar to the 1960s feminism that advocated for equality with their male counterpart, who were not characteristic oppressors so much as recalcitrant partners to be rational. The call for equality between the two genders did not mean destroying the existing system, but revolutionizing it, for instance employing measures such as the affirmative action. The liberal principle is a woman's body, a woman's right underlay influences ranging from the rights to abort and also the lifestyle freedoms like lesbianism.The choosing of the content was given more action than the content. Liberal feminists share the idea of free dom of expression including in the use of pornographic materials. An example of these organization is the Feminists for Free Expression (FFE) which have consistently being against the censorship of the pornography. For instance, the liberal feminists with the likes of Sallie Tisdale have steadfastly defended the freedom for sexuality. Most of the liberal feminists are appalled by Playboy and argues that is not pro-pornography. A number of reason why porn should be censored are: amazing works of art and literature would be forbidden; the act would also breach the First Amendment; the freedom of expression would be repressed; and that freedom of speech enhances creativity. A number of liberal feminists, have compromised their ideologies in the favor of anti-pornography position, and even seem to be willing to sacrifice free speech if that means women. For example, they also condemn the free market for commercializing women as body parts, which demeans women. In (Scambler Jennings, 1998), an essay defending pornography, which sometimes seems to be an attack, Lisa Steel comments: Chauvinist representation of women, is all part of the same industry that, in the search of profits, reduces the community to consumer groups. And marketing conservative the same way the military is in every aspect. What we gain is less to what we loss so that a number of individual can a right to produce porn and make money. Such muddled and ambivalent defenses often offend the sex workers they are intended to protect.In the recent period, the number of the Pro-sex feminism has been increasing. The pro-sex feminist labeled as the pro-sex have defended the right of a woman to take part in and to consume porn. Some of these women, such as Nina Hartley, are current or ex-sex-workers who know firsthand that posing for pornography is an uncovered choice that can be enriching. Pro-sex feminists have a common principle that is, a woman's body, a womanà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬s right and stress that woman choice with her body must be protected if not respected. Pro-sex feminist arguments in some cases seem to overlap with ideas of the liberal feminist ones. For instance, the two express concern over who will play the role of the censor because of the subjective words, such as degrading, which can be interpreted to mean whatever the censor intended.The statute that banned Margaret Sanger because she used the words syphilis and gonorrhea is no different, in principle, than the one that interprets obscenity today. There is no protection even for the typical type of the feminist, for example our bodies which providing a cohort of women with the first clear view of their own biology. Unavoidably, ban will be used to act against the least popular views on porn which, are the weakest members of the community which include feminists and lesbians. When the Canadian Supreme Court decided in 1992 to protect women by restricting the importation of pornography, one of the first victims was the lesbian/gay Glad Day Bookstore, which had been on a police hit list. Among the books seized by Canadian customs were two books by Andrea Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women and Women hating. Such an event should not have surprised Dworkin who declared in Lurie (1980), that the feminist in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s world cannot rely on the legal system that is made and implemented by men who they refer to as sadist. On the dangers of banning the production of porn, pro-sex and liberal feminists in most cases do a agree.The anti-pornography feminist argue that porn demean women. Degrading is a subjective term. Each and every person has the freedom to determine what they consider to be demeaning or not. The assumption that anti-pornographic feminist make is that pornography convert women into sex objects. Interpreting the statement in layman language, the statement does not make bec...

Hubris in The Duchess of Malfi - Literature Essay Samples

In John Webster’s tragic play The Duchess of Malfi, the titular character is undoubtedly subjected to great degrees of suffering, both physical and mental. However, it is less clear whether or not she can be viewed simply as an innocent victim. While it can indeed be argued that the Duchess provides an example of good people being made to suffer by the evil of in imperfect world, she can also be contrarily viewed as unwittingly contributing to her own downfall in fitting with the Aristotelian ideas of tragedy. To view the Duchess as a character who destroys herself can be to view her as a generally moral person who falls prey to her own hamartia, be it an error in judgement or rashness. Alternatively, it can be to view her as a character that brings about her downfall through moral discrepancies such as lust, selfishness or excessive pride or hubris. This latter portrait is one of a character who is deserving of her fate, as her suffering comes to be seen as a punishment rathe r than an instance of unjust persecution. It is tempting to argue that the duchess herself is the culprit of her own downfall, due to her poor choices and actions. David Mann clearly lays the blame on the Duchess’s shoulders as he suggests that â€Å"unlike other heroines who are passive victims of men’s cruelty or misapprehensions the Duchess creates her own tragedy by her actions, quite wittingly, preferring to live her sexual life to the full and, knowing what they are, to risk the consequences†[1]. In this sense, it can be deducted that lust is the Duchess’s tragic flaw or hamartia, and her inability to resist its temptation paves the way to her ultimate destruction. Indeed, it is her secret affair and marriage with Antonio which leads directly to her decidedly tragic death and suffering as it serves to provoke the wrath of Ferdinand and the Cardinal. She disobeys her brothers’ wishes for her to remain a chaste widow, for which they inflict torture and murder on her in return. Of course , along with the notion that the Duchess causes her own suffering, may too come the idea of her deserving it for being, in Ferdinand’s words, a â€Å"whore†[2] who embodies corruption and indecency. Indeed, her language to Antonio is often sexually suggestive, for example when she tells him she â€Å"is flesh and blood†¦not the figure cut in alabaster†¦Kneels at [her] husband’s tomb† (14). Here the imagery of her flesh delineates her seductive nature as she offers her body to a second husband in direct defiance of her brothers. Philip Stevick supports this view as he argues that â€Å"Here we have a protagonist whose character is essentially unsympathetic, in that [their] goals and purposes are repugnant†[3]. This statement highlights the arguable obscenity of the Duchess’s desires and the way in which her suffering could be rendered well deserved. It can also be seen that, along with her sinful acts of lust, the Duchess also suffe rs from a degree of hubris in the form of pride. Indeed, she holds the conviction that she should be able to choose her own partner, and refuses to bow to her brothers’ wishes. She defies social norms by proposing to Antonio, suggesting that her pride renders her unwilling to exist as her brothers’ claim to a royal bloodline, and she deems herself worthy and capable of taking on the masculine role in her courtship of Antonio. It can be argued that the Duchess’s power leads her to develop an inflated sense of self, believing herself to be exempt from the expectations placed on her both as a female and as a ruler. This assumption can be seen as her error in judgement, and her excessive pride as her fatal flaw. It can be argued that the Duchess is also guilty of discarding her public duties in favour of a sexually driven marriage with the social inferior she has fallen in love with. She makes her priorities clear just before she proposes to Antonio, as she tells him that she is â€Å"making [her] will as tis fit princes should† (12). This statement can be interpreted as the Duchess suggesting that the personal endeavour of courting and marrying Antonio is her true duty rather than her political duties and public obligations. From this view the Duchess is guilty too of possessing a weakness of character, as she seems to lack the necessary willpower to put the importance of leadership in front of her own personal desires. The Duchess, as the leader of a nation, can be viewed as having two separate sides. There is her physical body and personal life, and then there is her political side or body politic. By focussing her primary goals and attentions on Antonio, the Duchess shows herself to be far more concerned with the needs of her private physical body than the duties of her body politic. It is notable that the complete loss of control and power at the hands of her brothers’ can be seen as a fitting punishment for her abuse and neglect of political power. She does not respect her position of power and so it is taken from her, along with the power to protect those she loves. The loss of her husband and her children can all be seen as consequences of her selfishness and disregard for her duties. She seduces Antonio into living a provocative secret life with her, and one which ultimately gets him murdered. Meanwhile, her children actually stand as a physical product of the sexual actions which arguably render the Duchess guilty of irresponsibility and selfishness. It can be deemed that the Duchess’s children are born at the expense of her nation, as she is more preoccupied with her motherly responsibility for her children than her public responsibility for her people. The nature of the Duchess’s relationship with Antonio has in itself two conflicting sides, much like the Duchess and her priorities. Antonio is not only the object of her lust and later her husband, he also holds a political position in her court as her steward. Politically and socially he stands as her inferior, but the Duchess knowingly breaks custom and public expectation by raising him up to be her marital equal. On this note, the act of marrying beneath herself can also be seen as the primary driving force of her brothers’ wrath, and therefore the root cause of the Duchess’ tragic fate. This idea is supported by the conversation between the Duchess, Ferdinand and the Cardinal during which the Cardinal warns her that remarriage to someone who is not a noble like her first husband would â€Å"sway [her] high blood† (9). From this comment it is evident that the two brothers have personally concerned themselves with protecting their sist er’s royal blood by way of making sure it remains untainted by remarriage to a suitor of a lesser social class. Theodora A. Jankowski supports this standpoint by stating that â€Å"the very nature of her marriage is so revolutionary and challenges social custom to such a degree that the Duchess must be punished for her audacity in creating it†[4]. Indeed, the Duchess not only breaks custom by marrying beneath herself, particularly as she is a figure of political power, but also by taking on what would have been perceived as the ‘male’ role in the relationship in a Jacobean context. From another viewpoint, the Duchess is still to blame for her own downfall, not just because of her lustful nature or disloyalty to her duties but because of her decision to juggle both situations at once. From this standpoint her true error is rashness, as she carries out a secret marriage, becomes a mother to children, and tries to keep her position as Duchess without thinking of the possible consequences of this collision of priorities. In contrast to the idea of her choosing lust over duty, it seems that she actually chooses both lust and leadership. It can be seen that it is this impossible attempt at maintaining two journeys down conflicting paths which causes her life to unravel into what Stevick refers to as â€Å"Well deserved misfortune†[5]. From this standpoint, the path of duty is only feasible in a situation where the Duchess either remains a widow, or remarries to someone fitting of her own social standing. On the contrary, the Duchess instead marries Antonio for love and attraction as oppose to social responsibility and duty. Along with this ill-advised attempt at a double life, the duchess can also be seen to be guilty of a severe error of judgement in regards to her brothers’ capabilities for evil. As Marliss C. Desens argues â€Å"she initially underestimates the lengths to which her male relatives will go when they perceive her as slipping out of their control†[6]. Indeed, while she is aware that her brothers will disapprove, she tells Antonio that if they were to find out â€Å"time will easily/ Scatter the tempest† (14). She acknowledges that marrying beneath her may provoke her brothers’ anger, but does not realise that their need to control her goes a lot deeper than simply choosing her husband for her. The very fact that the Duchess possesses the power to rule can be seen as enough in itself to taint her moral image and colour her as the cause of her own well deserved downfall in the context of a Jacobean society. Therefore, although choosing love over duty is sometimes seen as her fatal mistake, dedication to the throne may have been just as catastrophic. Lisa Hopkins supports this reasoning by stating that, in Renaissance England, â€Å"Female government is by its very nature seen as inherently monstrous, as indeed is suggested by Knox when he compares female government to a monstrous body politic with no proper head†[7]. Indeed, Knox’s rejection of female rule predates Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi by about three decades, and it epitomizes the aversion to the placement of women in positions of authority which remained to some extent throughout the early modern period. The reference to the body politic metaphor which compares a nation and its people to a liv ing body, together with the assertion that a government or ‘body’ under female rule is inherently deformed and monstrous, certainly suggests that the Duchess’s leadership is a destructive and corrupting plague upon herself, her country and her people. The portrait painted by Knox holds further implications for the character of the Duchess as he describes the female lead body politic as being without a head. This suggests that, like all female rulers, the Duchess is intellectually and inherently incapable of success, rendering her failure not only self-imposed but also ultimately inevitable based purely on her gender. Hopkins outlines this view of women as being incapable of achieving anything substantial as she notes that â€Å"What the Duchess does would not be wrong if she were a private person; the implication is, therefore, that if a woman is put in a position of public responsibility, she must either violate her own nature or transgress against her dutiesâ € [8]. Indeed, the romance between the Duchess and Antonio is arguably immoral largely because of the Duchess’s responsibility to protect the royal bloodline with which she rules over the nation. Her marriage and sexual relations with Antonio not only violate this bloodline, but also distract her from her obligation to dedicate herself to her country and her people. Moreover, Knox summarised his reasoning behind his denunciation of female rulers using Biblical references of God’s creation of Adam and Eve. For example, in his sixteenth century book The History of the Reformation of Scotland Knox wrote â€Å"First, I say, the woman in her greatest perfection was made to serve and obey man, not to rule and command him†[9]. The religious connotations of women being â€Å"made† to be subservient hold implications for the morality of the Duchess, the implication being that in renouncing her God given position in favour of ruling, she deserves her suffering a s a form of divine punishment or justice. Therefore, from a purely Christian basis the Duchess surely does bring misfortune on herself through her actions and their respective consequences, but these consequences come as a punishment from God himself as oppose to simply being the logical outcome of cause and effect. However, the apparent impression of the Duchess being to blame for her own downfall is likely to be more a product of the play and the playwright’s original time period, as opposed to being due to any true fault on the part of the character. The portrayal of a powerful woman who makes her own choices and resists the restraints of Jacobean patriarchy would have been deemed controversial and provocative within its original seventeenth century context. Mann emphasizes this point as he states that â€Å"It is a unique portrait well in advance of its time, and one, arguably, that transcends the restrictive polarization of women to which even Shakespeare very largely subscribed†[10]. It can be argued that it is this diversion from gender role norms which once made the Duchess appear as a kind of abomination, destroying herself by rejecting her expected submissive nature. In other words, the suffering of the Duchess appears to be self-inflicted or well-deserved only when place d against the backdrop of a Jacobean society and its oppressively rigid expectations of both real and fictional females. It is not only the audience’s perception of the Duchess which would have been influenced by this society but also Webster’s portrayal and treatment of the character and her actions. This treatment, unlike an outdated audience perception, endures even in contemporary society as it comes through in language and tone. As Emma Smith argues, the play â€Å"certainly does not perpetuate the moralising [of the Duchess being a whore who deserved her suffering], but nor does it completely recast the play’s central couple as heroic†[11]. However, whilst the character of the Duchess is, to some extent, coloured negatively due to her being an autonomous and powerful female character who is a product of a male orientated time period, there is also a contrasting sense of her as being a sympathetic character. Leah S. Marcus disputes the idea of sevent eenth century audiences seeing the Duchess as an immoral and self-destroying character as she argues that â€Å"Despite – or because of – her clandestine marriage and its aftermath, the Duchess of Malfi aroused a sympathetic response among many Londoners even decades after the work in which she appears was written and first performed†[12]. Smith gives an example of a scene which outlines the play’s more positive impressions of the Duchess and her morality as she states that â€Å"The death of Cariola, begging for mercy, seems designed to emphasize the Duchess’s self-possession and grace†[13]. Indeed, when juxtaposed against the pitiful begging of her handmaiden who rants that she is â€Å"not prepar’d for it† and that she â€Å"will not die†¦must not† (66), the Duchess’s dignified acceptance of her own death reinforces her as both a sympathetic character and as an admirable one. Smith acknowledges the dual im pression of the Duchess in terms of morality and of her choices and actions as she argues that â€Å"The play’s inconsistent attitudes towards the Duchess may suggest its own struggle with what she represents, and the impossibility of reconciling her aspiration to self-governance with the patriarchal world in which she, and her Jacobean audience, largely live†[14]. Certainly, although the integrity of her actions is often questionable, it must be taken into consideration that these moral misgivings may well be necessary for her to free herself from the oppression of the males in her life. In spite of the arguments portraying the Duchess as a character who falls prey to her own hubris, the more convincing view concerning the cause of her suffering is that it is not her fault. Overall she comes across simply as an innocent victim of external evils. The most poignant of these evils is the human cruelty or her brothers, who directly destroy most everything the Duchess holds dear to her, before ultimately ending her life. In the case of Ferdinand, the ‘punishment’ he inflicts on his sister has little to do with what she has or hasn’t done, and has everything to do with Ferdinand’s own flawed and deeply warped nature. Martin White argues that â€Å"Ferdinand’s desire for his sister borders on the incestuous, though his feelings are in no way returned by the Duchess†[15]. Indeed, many critics interpret Ferdinand’s obsession with his sister’s destruction as being driven not by social class concerns or anger over his siste r’s disloyalty, but rather by an unrequited sexual attraction to her. Indeed, on more than one occasion he uses his dagger as a tool of intimidation against his sister. This dagger can be viewed as a phallic symbol, and the way in which he uses it to threaten her as holding sexual undertones. The threat of penetrating her flesh with a phallic object is quite possibly a metaphor for his true threat of a rape motivated by his need to sexually possess her. From this view, the Duchess is completely blameless in her downfall, as her only contributing traits or acts are those which she cannot help, namely being a woman and being attractive. She is ultimately forced to endure untold suffering simply because of Ferdinand’s bitterness and jealousy towards her marriage to another man, together with his hope that destroying her will destroy the perverse and forbidden feelings of lust which he may or may not be fully aware of himself. The emergence of Ferdinand’s delusion o f lycanthropy supports this notion of incestuous undertones in his character, as his ‘transformation’ occurs shortly after his sister is murdered. Having dominated her physical body by ending her life, the ‘beast’ which emerges can be seen as being symbolic of a forbidden sexual desire towards his sister which is finally released by her death. Even if this incestuous view of Ferdinand’s intentions is to be rejected, and he and the Cardinal are indeed concerned with their sister’s social class and purity of their bloodline, it remains unfair that the Duchess is forced to suffer for their fixations. Of a wider significance, the innocent Duchess is a victim not only of her brothers, but of patriarchy in general. She has come to be in a most unique position for a woman of the seventeenth century, in that she is both largely autonomous as a widow and in control of her deceased husband’s court. It is this autonomy and power which ultimately renders her as a target in a largely patriarchal society. Her brother’s symbolise the crushing oppression of patriarchy on women and their desire for freedom, as supported by Dr Sarah E Johnson who argues that Webster’s play â€Å"shows men obsessively trying to control a woman’s body, and a woman attempting to recover the body, at least to some extent, from the damage of this control†[16]. The brothers seek to control her physical body, first by denying her bodily pleasures by ordering her to remain chaste, and later by denying her physical life by quite literally strangling the life from her. Indeed, as the Du chess’s title offers her some political authority over her brothers, Ferdinand and the Cardinal use violence as a means of rebalancing their family dynamic to once again fit the model of patriarchy, with the female sibling being crushed by the domineering weight of the male siblings. The aforementioned phallic symbol of Ferdinand’s dagger not only holds undertones of incestuous desire but also of the mechanics of patriarchy. This is evident as Ferdinand tells the Duchess that it was â€Å"[their] father’s poniard† (10), and is therefore a symbol of patriarchy which has been passed down from father to son. This can be seen to demonstrate, through this use of symbolism, the way in which the control of females in the seventeenth century was passed down from their fathers to either their husbands or to their brothers. Despite her tendency to reject tradition, the Duchess does not completely separate herself from these patriarchal restrictions, as she makes ev ery effort to keep her marriage a secret from her brothers. In this way, she realises her restrictions as a woman and attempts to work around them without submitting to them. This is an important point in light of the view that the Duchess could be at fault for keeping her marriage a secret, as she would not have been forced to do so if not for the oppression of patriarchy. Of course, while the oppressive force of patriarchy and the wrath of her brothers can be viewed as the primary causes of the Duchess’s suffering, there is also the idea that human cruelty and societal oppression are just two harsh aspects of a deeply flawed and imperfect world. The character of Bosola, although a villain himself, subscribes to the belief that living in the world and, more specifically, human society is an unpleasant experience. He describes life itself as a â€Å"general mist of error† (65), suggesting that humanity is the result of a random accident and therefore rejecting the Christian idea of Divine creation. He goes on to imply that we are born for no reason other than to suffer and die, which is evident as he juxtaposes the image of death as â€Å"a hideous storm of terror† (65) against the calm yet depressingly bleak imagery of the meaningless mist of life. This is indeed largely reminiscent of the Duchess’s experience of life during the novel. After she presumably finds freedom from her husband with his death, she still lives under the oppressive ‘mist’ of the evils of a society obsessed with social standing and self-interest. These warped values are ones which can still be deemed relevant even in contemporary society. From this view, the Duchess does not bring the suffering on herself, but is rather inevitably doomed to suffer along with the rest of humanity. Alternatively, it can be argued that her suffering is not inevitable in general, but inevitable because of her innocence and kindness. Rather than being rewarded for this, she is tortured and murdered, demonstrating the way in which those with positive virtues and characteristics are destroyed by those who are corrupt and evil. Northrop Frye adheres to this idea that the Duchess is a light of goodness amidst the darkness of cruelty as he states that â€Å"the Duchess has the innocence of abundant life in a sick and melancholy society† [17]. Indeed, she values the modest ideals of love and motherhood over the deplorable ideals of power and controlling others and ultimately she is destroyed because of this. Therefore, it is not the Duchess herself who brings on her catastrophe but rather the unjust triumph of evil over good and corruption over innocence which prevails in an imperfect world. In conclusion, the view that the Duchess is a character who causes her own suffering through her hubris or hamartia is ultimately unconvincing and weak. The implication of such a view is that it is essentially a form of victim blaming, looking to justify the actions of the Duchess’ sadistic brothers rather than to highlight them as the clear villains. While she as a character is not perfect, as she irresponsibly lives two separate lives and tends to fall prey to human weaknesses such as desire and love, she is still not to blame for her own downfall as any hubris she may be deemed guilty of greatly pales in comparison to the cruelty of the characters she is surrounded by, together with the degree of her suffering. Instead, she is persecuted because of her brothers’ patriarchy fuelled desires for control and their obsession with the purity of their family bloodline. The play paints a perfect portrait of how the innocent are not spared the cruelty of an imperfect world, a nd in actual fact suffer more for their innocence as they become victims of, and used as pawns by, others who are crueller and more corrupt than themselves. Bibliography DESENS, Marliss C. â€Å"Marrying Down: Negotiating a More Equal Marriage on the English Renaissance Stage†. In Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, edited by John Pitcher, 227-258. Mississauga: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2001. FRYE, Northrop. â€Å"The Mythos of Autumn: Tragedy†. In The Questions of Tragedy, edited by Arthur B. Coffin, 167-210. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991. HOPKINS, Lisa. Writing Renaissance Queens: Texts by and about Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots. Cranberry: University of Delaware Press, 2002. JANKOWSKI, Theodora A. Women in Power in the Early Modern Drama. Champaigne: University of Illinois Press, 1992. JOHNSON, Dr Sarah E. Staging Women and the Soul-Body Dynamic in Early Modern England. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2014. KNOX, John. The history of the reformation of religion in Scotland. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton, and co., 1831. Accessed February 21, 2015. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z_8QAAAAIAAJ. MANN, David. Shakespeare’s Women: Performance and Conception. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. MARCUS, Leah S. â€Å"The Duchess’s Marriage in Contemporary Contexts†. In The Duchess of Malfi: A critical guide, edited by Christina Luckyj, 106-118. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011. SMITH, Emma. Introduction to Women on the Early Modern Stage: A Woman Killed with Kindness, The Tamer Tamed, The Duchess of Malfi, The Witch of Edmonton, edited by Emma Smith, vii-xix. London: AC Black, 2014. STEVICK, Phillip. Theory of the Novel. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. WEBSTER, John. The Duchess of Malfi. New York: Courier Corporation, [1614] 2012. Kindle Edition. WHITE, Martin. Ford: ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. [1] David Mann, Shakespeare’s Women: Performance and Conception (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 185. [2] John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi (New York: Courier Corporation, 2012), 31. Subsequent references in parenthesis are to this edition. [3] Philip Stevick, Theory of the Novel (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967), 159. [4] Theodora A. Jankowski, Women in Power in the Early Modern Drama, (Champaigne: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 179. [5] Stevick, Theory of the Novel, 159. [6] Marliss C. Desens, â€Å"Marrying Down: Negotiating a More Equal Marriage on the English Renaissance Stage†, in Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, ed. John Pitcher (Mississauga: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2001), 240. [7] Lisa Hopkins, Writing Renaissance Queens: Texts by and about Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots (Cranberry: University of Delaware Press, 2002), 41. [8] Hopkins, Writing Renaissance Queens, 40. [9] John Knox, The history of the reformati on of religion in Scotland (Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton, and co., 1831), 445, accessed February 21, 2015, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z_8QAAAAIAAJ. [10] Mann, Shakespeare’s Women, 185. [11] Smith, introduction, xv. [12] Leah S. Marcus, â€Å"The Duchess’s Marriage in Contemporary Contexts†, in The Duchess of Malfi: A critical guide, ed. Christina Luckyj (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011), 116. [13]Emma Smith, introduction to Women on the Early Modern Stage: A Woman Killed with Kindness, The Tamer Tamed, The Duchess of Malfi, The Witch of Edmonton, ed. Emma Smith (London: AC Black, 2014), xv. [14] Smith, introduction, xv. [15] Martin White, Ford: ‘Tis Pity She’s a Whore (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 93. [16] Dr Sarah E Johnson, Staging Women and the Soul-Body Dynamic in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2014), 129. [17] Northrop Frye, â€Å"The Mythos of Autumn: Tragedy†, in The Questions of Tragedy, ed . Arthur B. Coffin (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991), 182.